Chemistry catalogue
132 published interactive labs from the NEET syllabus. Search a topic or start with the chapter in front of you.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Start with one particle and keep zooming out ×100. A classroom, a city, all of India, every star in the universe — the real-world comparisons run out before you ever reach one mole.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Measured hydrocarbon sample ko jalao, CO₂ aur excess O₂ wale dry combustion-gas mixture ko sealed receiver me collect karo aur KOH se CO₂ absorb karo. Phir condensate droplets ko balance par rakhkar hydrogen nikalo. 3D apparatus me koi ek gas packet tap karte hi fixed combustion-gas batch collect hoga, KOH bulb activate karne par CO₂ absorb hogi aur residual O₂ bachega, C-C bond rotate karke ethane ka 3D structure dekho aur computed C, H aur O percentages verify karo.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Play tab mein chlorine ke ³⁵Cl aur ³⁷Cl isotopes ki abundance badal kar weighted-average atomic mass calculate karo. Atomic aur molecular mass tabs mein H₂O, CO₂ ya NaCl choose karke formula unit ya molecule ki mass sum dekho. Empirical view mein molecular formula multiplier n aur empirical formula mass ka relation check hota hai.
Stoichiometry & Mole Concept
Match the equivalents of Na₂CO₃ (n=2) and HCl (n=1) on a 3D balance, then hit 'Mix them!' and watch both sides react to nothing — even though one pan weighs 53g and the other just 36.5g. Equal equivalents react, unequal mass.
Stoichiometry & Mole Concept
Pour H⁺ ions onto the right pan of a 3D balance scale and see how many it takes to match one molecule's reacting power. Discover that n-factor = number of H⁺ a molecule gives or takes.
Structure of Atom
Visualize s, p, and d orbital shapes in 3D. Toggle between orbitals and understand why electron density takes these specific forms — the building blocks of every chemical bond.
Structure of Atom
See the three kinds of orbital node in 3D — radial spheres, angular planes, and the conical nodes of d_z². Toggle each node type, slice the cloud open, and match them to the radial distribution curve.
Structure of Atom
Carbon-12 (12.000 u) is the standard for atomic mass. Add atoms of different elements to a 3D balance scale and discover how many Hydrogen atoms (1.008 u each) it takes to balance one Carbon-12 atom.
Classification of Elements & Periodicity
Strip electrons one by one off an isolated gaseous atom and feel the grip get stronger. Watch the energy jump when the noble-gas core breaks — that jump tells you the group.
Classification of Elements & Periodicity
Offer an electron to a gaseous atom and watch the energy meter. Almost every atom is hungry — it gulps the electron and releases energy. Only Be, Mg, N and the noble gases refuse. And nobody wants the second electron.
Classification of Elements & Periodicity
Periods 2 aur 3 ke 16 s aur p block elements ko interactive 3D tile board par explore karo. IE, covalent radius, Pauling electronegativity aur NCERT electron gain enthalpy choose karke bars ko animate hote dekho, kisi element par tap karke exact reading padho, Be-B aur N-O ke IE kinks samjho, aur chlorine ke fluorine se zyada negative EGE ko compare karo.
Classification of Elements & Periodicity
Same electron count wale ions ko 3D me compare karo. Nuclear charge stepper badhao, nucleus aur electron-distribution response ko dekho, aur 10-electron ya 18-electron common configuration select karo. Model har change par electron count, net charge aur relative size trend calculate karta hai.
Classification of Elements & Periodicity
Transition metals ke multiple oxidation states ko sirf formula yaad karke nahi, electron configuration dekh ke samajhna hai. Is 3D lab me Mn, Fe, Cu ya Zn choose karo, glowing 4s shell se 3d electrons hatao aur d-count ko live update hote dekho. Mn2+ ka half-filled d5, Cu+ aur Zn2+ ka d10, Fe2+ aur Fe3+ ka difference, aur MnO4- me +7 oxidation state clearly compare hoga. Electrons orbital-density regions me dikhte hain, fixed circular path me nahi.
Classification of Elements & Periodicity
Periodic table ke har tile par valency aur oxidation state ko 3D me alag karke dekho. Group 1 se 2, Period 3 ka saw-tooth trend, Group 14 crossover aur noble gases explore karo. P, S aur Cl ki variable valencies bhi model me dikhti hain. Oxidation-state mode me H2O, H2O2, OF2 aur NaH ke bonds ke electrons ko electronegativity ke hisaab se assign karke answer calculate hota hai.
periodicity
Shared electron pair ka relative 3D density, Pauling difference aur bond character ek hi jagah dekho. H-H ke symmetric non-polar bond se H-F aur C-O ki polarity tak jaao, C-S aur H-Cl se compare karo, aur dekho H2O ka bond angle 104.5° hai jabki H2S ka approximately 92° hai. Atom colours sirf labels hain—partial charge aur electron density cloud se compare karna hota hai.
periodicity
Na, Mg aur Al ke electrons ko ek-ek karke nikaalo aur dekho ion chhota kaise hota hai. Har bar successive ionisation enthalpy ko kJ/mol me dikhati hai; Na, Mg aur Al ke jump ka position unke 1, 2 aur 3 valence electrons ko pehchanne me madad karta hai.
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
One molecule, seven drawings: step methane from its Lewis structure through structural formula, wedge-dash, framework, ball-and-stick and space-filling models to the sp³–1s orbital overlap picture.
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
Don't memorise shapes — build them. In the Play zone, electron-domain sticks repel each other and settle farthest apart, so you feel why the geometry is what it is. Then see every hybridisation — sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d² and sp³d³ hybrid orbitals — with their famous molecules and exact bond angles.
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
Ions randomly nahi jamte — jo packing charge aur size allow karti hai, wahi lattice banti hai. Pehle scattered Na⁺ aur Cl⁻ ko rock-salt grid mein snap hote dekho. Phir do dials ghumao: SIZE slider (radius ratio r⁺/r⁻) lattice ko ZnS(4:4) → NaCl(6:6) → CsCl(8:8) mein re-snap karti hai — size hi coordination number decide karti hai. CHARGE toggle (NaCl 1:1 → MgO 2:2) grip badalti hai — colour gehra, lattice energy 788 → 3795 kJ/mol. Ek gesture per axis: size se shape, charge se strength.
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
Slide two p-orbitals together and watch a bond form. Toggle σ vs π to feel the difference between head-on and sideways overlap — and twist a π bond to see why double bonds can't rotate.
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
Lines on paper are all σ. Build C₂H₄, C₂H₂ and C₆H₆ one stop at a time — skeleton, leftover p orbitals, then the π cloud that sits above and below the plane. Watch benzene's three Kekulé clouds melt into one ring.
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
Is 3D lab me cation apne aas-paas ke anion ki electron cloud ko kaise kheenchta aur distort karta hai, woh live dekho. Cation size, charge, halide identity aur pair separation badla kar polarising power aur covalent character ka qualitative trend observe karo. NaCl, NaF, NaBr, NaI aur NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3 comparisons ko smoothly compare karo.
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
Exact 3D molecular geometries se CH4, NH3, H2O aur HF ke H-bond networks compare karo. Real boiling-point bars, o- aur p-nitrophenol ke intramolecular versus intermolecular H-bonds, aur ice ke open cage se liquid water ke looser network tak state-linked changes explore karo.
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
Ek hi atom pair me single, double aur triple bond compare karo. Play mode me hypothetical bonding aur antibonding electron counts badakar bond order calculate hota hai, phir 3D bond components, bond length aur average bond enthalpy update hote hain. Atom ko drag karke internuclear distance badlo, bond par tap karke atoms alag karo, aur potential-energy well se bond breaking energy samjho. Trend tab H2, N2 aur O2 ke actual molecular-orbital electron counts se bond order calculate karta hai.
thermodynamics
Heat, work aur internal energy ke signs ko ek hi 3D ledger mein track karo. Piston-cylinder se ΔU = q + w, constant-pressure aur constant-volume processes se H = U + PV aur ΔH = q_p, Hess staircase se path-independent enthalpy, aur gaseous bond-energy model se average bond-enthalpy calculation samjho.
thermodynamics
Gibbs energy landscape, entropy states aur equilibrium mixture ko ek interactive 3D lab mein explore karo. Same 64-particle sample ke ordered solid aur spread vapour states compare karo, temperature se current ΔG aur standard ΔG° ko read karo, Q = 1 par A ⇌ B column samjho, aur system-plus-surroundings ke entropy changes ko visualize karo.
thermodynamics
3D calorimeter ko assemble, rotate aur section mein dekh ke actual heat measurement samjho. HCl–NaOH neutralisation mein solution, calorimeter aur thermometer ki heat capacities add hoti hain; CuSO4, NaCl aur KNO3 ke correct ions lattice se nikal kar hydration shells banate hain; khula lid heat loss dikhata hai. Sliders se mass, specific heat aur starting temperature badal kar ΔT, q aur measured enthalpy turant update hota hai.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics ka pehla step hota hai system aur uski boundary choose karna. Is 3D lab me highlighted boundary tap karke open, closed ya isolated system banao; piston se energy transfer dekho; identical systems split ya duplicate karke extensive aur intensive properties compare karo; aur do alag routes se same end state par jaakar state function ke saath heat aur work ke path dependence ko dekho.
Thermodynamics
Is 3D lab me sodium aur halogen ke standard states se ionic lattice tak ka poora enthalpy route dikhta hai. Cl₂(g), Br₂(l) ya I₂(s) chuno, gaseous atoms aur ions banao, same electron ka transfer follow karo, aur Na⁺ par tap karke lattice formation ko separate dissociation step se compare karo. Expanded route ka sum ΔH°f batata hai, jabki reverse direct-formation step ke saath closed cycle Hess law se zero hota hai.
Thermodynamics
Heat add karke solid, liquid aur vapour ke 3D particles ko alag-alag phases me dekho. Ice/water cell fusion aur vaporisation ke latent heat compare karta hai, jabki solid CO2 1 atm par seedha vapour banne dikhata hai. Transition cell do solid lattices ko smoothly rearrange karta hai. Temperature plateau, Q = mL aur constant pressure par q_p = ΔH ko live model se samajho.
Equilibrium
Sab ruk gaya? Nahi. First feel it human-scale: run up a down-escalator and match the belt's speed — you stay put while sprinting flat-out (rate up = rate down, no net change). Then watch the same idea in a sealed container: liquid molecules evaporate while vapour condenses, until evaporation and condensation rates become equal and the vapour density freezes at the saturated vapour pressure. Tag a few liquid molecules and watch them reach the vapour while every count stays constant — proof equilibrium is dynamic, not dead.
Equilibrium
Ek proton ko 3D water cluster me move karke acid-base concepts ko khud explore karo. HCl ya acetic acid se H₃O⁺ banao, HCl–H₂O aur NH₃–H₂O ke conjugate pairs compare karo, aur NH₃ ke lone pair ko BF₃ ke empty p orbital me donate karke Lewis dative bond banao. Har transfer ke atoms, bonds, charges aur orbital model me live change hote hain.
equilibrium
Is 3D lab me sealed gas vessel ke particles, equilibrium concentrations aur pressure readings ko ek hi ICE calculation se jodo. CO2 ⇌ CO + 1/2 O2 example se Kc aur Kp ka relation samjho, CaCO3 ⇌ CaO + CO2 jaise heterogeneous equilibrium dekho, aur reaction reverse, double ya add karne par K values ko transform karke particle scene ko rebalance karo.
equilibrium
Pure water ko bilkul inactive samajhna galat hai—usme H₃O⁺ aur OH⁻ ka reversible balance hota hai. Is 3D beaker mein water molecules, hydronium aur hydroxide ions ko rotate karke dekho, phir pH scale par acidic, neutral aur basic ranges samjho. Exact 25 °C reference, ionic product aur pH ka negative-log relation ek frozen stepper mein clearly settle hote hain.
equilibrium
Saturated solution mein dissolved ions aur crystal ke beech dynamic equilibrium ko 3D mein dekho. AgCl ke Q aur Ksp compare hote hue common-ion effect dikhata hai, Br- aur Cl- mixture mein AgBr aur AgCl ka precipitation order follow hota hai, aur Mg(OH)2 crystal pH change ke saath dissolve hota hai. Har stop par exact 298 K readings aur concise formulas saath hain.
redox-electrochemistry
Permanganate aur Fe2+ reaction ko oxidation aur reduction half-reactions mein split karke electrons, H, O aur charge balance karo. 3D bookkeeping panels par Mn +7 se +2 aur Fe +2 se +3 ka change live dikhta hai; paanch electrons cancel hone ke baad correct net ionic equation aur basic-medium form milta hai.
redox-electrochemistry
Acidified KMnO4 burette ke saath oxalic acid aur Mohr’s salt ke do volumetric titrations ko true 3D mein dekho. Stopcock open karo, pale-green Fe2+ ya colourless oxalic acid ko titrate karo, aur first permanent pale-pink endpoint ko 30 seconds tak observe karo. Half-reactions, exact molecular equations, mole ratios aur acidic n-factors bhi step-by-step freeze hote hain.
redox-electrochemistry
3D atoms, bonds aur ionic lattices se oxidation number assign karna seekho. H2O2 ke peroxide oxygens, KMnO4 ke +7 manganese, S8 ke zero sulfur, Fe3O4 ke individual Fe sites aur oxidant-reductant electron flow ko stepwise explore karo. Bond-electron sharing, charge-balance check aur common exceptions ek hi interactive lab mein settle hote hain.
redox-electrochemistry
Is 3D electrochemical cell lab mein Zn-Cu cell se shuru karke E°cell, K, ΔG, Nernst equation, concentration cell aur hydrogen electrode ka connection samajho. Concentrations aur pH badlo, electron direction aur electrode changes ko 3D model mein dekho, aur Ecell, ΔG, K ke beech exact relationship ko readings se verify karo.
redox-electrochemistry
Electrolytic cell ko rotate karke dekho: cathode par reduction, anode par oxidation, aur electrolyte mein ions ka migration. Water electrolysis mein H2 aur O2 ka 2:1 volume ratio dikhta hai, jabki concentrated aqueous CuCl2 solution mein copper cathode par deposit hota hai aur Pt anode par chlorine banta hai. Pt aur active copper anode ko compare karke electrode polarity aur mass change ko samjho.
Solutions
Sabse badi galti: students sochte hain osmosis mein solute paar hota hai. Nahi — membrane semipermeable hai, solute KABHI cross nahi karta; sirf solvent chalta hai. Is lab mein same molarity pe glucose (i=1), NaCl (i=2), CaCl₂ (i=3) aur benzene mein benzoic acid (i=0.5) stop karo aur dekho column heights exactly 1:2:3:0.5 mein nikalti hain. NaCl ke ions saamne se split hote dikhte hain, benzoic acid ke molecules dimer banke judte hain — van't Hoff factor ab number nahi, picture hai. Concentration badlaao, π = iCRT live update hota hai, aur reverse-osmosis toggle se solvent ulta dhakka jaata hai — desalination ka principle. Saath mein ΔTb, ΔTf aur relative lowering of vapour pressure bhi same i se calculate hoti hain.
Solutions
Ionic NaCl sample ko 3D me dissolve hote dekho: alternating Na⁺ aur Cl⁻ lattice, polar paani ke ion–dipole orientation, hydration shells aur solution me diffusion. Mixing-time stepper equilibrium tak pahunchne ki speed badalta hai, temperature selected solubility data se equilibrium mass nikalta hai, stirring final solubility nahi badalti, aur freed ion par tap karke uski hydration shell ki visibility toggle ki ja sakti hai.
solutions
Ek 3D mixing chamber mein A-A, B-B aur A-B interactions ko rotate karke dekho. Ideal solution Raoult line follow karta hai; weak A-B attraction positive deviation aur expansion deta hai, jabki strong A-B attraction negative deviation aur contraction deta hai. Fixed-temperature P-vapour graph, ΔH_mix, ΔV_mix aur entropy ka relation bhi ek hi flow mein clear hota hai.
solutions
Henry's law ko samajhne ke liye ek transparent cylinder mein CO2 ko liquid ke upar rakho. Piston se CO2 ka partial pressure change karo, dissolved CO2 ki relative quantity dekho, aur mixture mein total pressure ke bajaye P_CO2 ko trace karo. Constant temperature, partial pressure aur direct proportionality ek hi 3D setup mein clearly dikhti hai.
solutions
Is 3D lab me pure water ke 100 °C aur 0 °C reference se start karke non-volatile glucose solution ke boiling aur freezing points shift hote hue dikhaye gaye hain. Open beaker, thermometer, heater, ice-salt bath, water molecules aur dissolved particles ko rotate karke dekho. Last stop par molality badal kar exact ΔTb aur ΔTf calculate karo; shifts particle count par depend karte hain, solute ki chemical identity par nahi.
solutions
Volatile liquid ke upar equilibrium vapour pressure kaise banti hai? Is 3D lab mein packed A-B liquid, real liquid-vapour interface, partial-pressure dials aur composition-aware vapour cloud ke through Raoult's law step-by-step padho. Binary example x_A = 0.60, p_A^0 = 100 mmHg aur p_B^0 = 40 mmHg par exact p_A = 60, p_B = 16, P = 76 aur y_A approximately 0.79 milega. Non-volatile solute wale stop par relative lowering bhi x_solute ke barabar dikhega.
solutions
Van't Hoff factor ko formula se pehle particle count se samjho: urea intact rehta hai, NaCl complete ionisation se Na+ aur Cl- deta hai, aur benzoic acid dimers banata hai. 3D beaker mein dissolved particles ginti hain, i calculate hota hai, aur true versus observed molar mass ka difference dikhta hai. Last stop par partial AB dissociation aur i ko freezing-point, boiling-point aur osmotic-pressure formulas mein plug karna seekho.
Electrochemistry
Daniell cell ko 3D mein kholte hain — electrons wire se, ions salt bridge se, sab kuch live dekho. Salt bridge bahar nikalo aur second ke andar current mar jaata hai, har beaker pe charge build-up badge jal uthta hai. Electrode pair badlo (Zn|Cu, Zn|Ag, Cu|Ag, Mg|Cu) aur E°cell live calculate hota dikhega. Cell reverse karo aur khud check karo kaunsi direction spontaneous hai. Anode negative, cathode positive — galvanic convention ek baar mein pakka.
Electrochemistry
Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell ko 3D me kholo: porous carbon anode aur cathode ke beech concentrated aqueous NaOH electrolyte, external wire aur motor. H₂ aur O₂ feed badlo, electrons ko wire me travel karte dekho, OH⁻ ya PEM H⁺ ko electrolyte me move karte dekho aur water product bead ko tap karke trace karo. Alkaline aur PEM membrane choice se model ka ion path change hota hai. Har stop par NCERT ke anode, cathode aur overall redox steps sequentially samajh aayenge.
Electrochemistry
Conductance cell ko rotate karke do platinum electrodes, moving ions aur bulb ko 3D me explore karo. NaCl aur CH3COOH compare karo, concentration badlo, G, kappa aur Λm ke computed readings dekho, Kohlrausch graph ko c = 0 par extrapolate karo, aur independent cation-anion contributions se limiting molar conductivity build karo.
chemical-kinetics
Ek fixed-volume 3D beaker mein H2 aur O2 symbols ko H2O symbols mein badlo. Clock, concentration aur reaction-rate factors ko interact karke dekho ki particle count change concentration ko kaise represent karta hai, aur rate law, order aur molecularity ka concept ek hi visual model mein samajh lo.
chemical-kinetics
Is 3D lab me reactant molecules ke 3D volume se first-order decay ko step-by-step dekho. Har equal time slice me wahi fraction disappear hota hai, half-life rings 50%, 25%, 12.5% aur 6.25% fractions dikhate hain, aur [A] vs t ke exponential curve ko ln[A] vs t ki seedhi line se compare kiya jaata hai. Integrated law se k aur t1/2 bhi live readings se verify hote hain.
chemical-kinetics
Elementary reaction, complex reaction, molecularity aur reaction order ko ek 3D reaction gantry pe compare karo. Ek, do ya teen reacting species wale elementary steps chuno, unki rate law dekho aur powers ka sum karke order nikalo. Complex reaction ka overall equation coefficients order ko nahi batate, isliye measured rate law ko alag se padhna seekho.
chemical-kinetics
Arrhenius theory ko 3D activation-energy threshold se samjho: temperature badhne par rate constant k badhta hai, jabki A aur Eₐ unchanged rehte hain. Do k-T observations se Eₐ calculate karo aur ln k versus 1/T graph par slope -Eₐ/R aur intercept ln A padho. Core focus Arrhenius theory, activation energy aur uski two-point calculation hai.
Organic Chemistry — Some Basic Principles
Rotate the C–C single bond and watch 3D geometry, Newman projection, and torsional energy update in lockstep. Compare staggered vs eclipsed in ethane, and anti vs gauche vs eclipsed in butane.
Organic Chemistry — Some Basic Principles
Plane, centre aur axis — teeno symmetry elements ko khud chala ke dekho. Fold karo, invert karo, ghumao. Aur wo trap samjho jahan axis hone ke baad bhi molecule chiral rehta hai.
Organic Chemistry — Some Basic Principles
Symmetry planes ko ek-ek karke khatam karo aur dekho molecule kab chiral ban jaata hai. Phir mirror test — superimpose karke dekho, hota hi nahi.
Organic Chemistry — Some Basic Principles
Methane se methanol aur carbon dioxide tak carbon ke oxidation number ko 3D bonds se count karo. Play mode me C-H aur C=O bond inventory ko live edit karo, carbon ya oxygen tap karke formal electron assignment dekho, aur oxidation direction ko reduction me flip karo. Yellow arrows actual electron travel nahi, balki electronegativity-based formal accounting dikhate hain.
Organic Chemistry — Some Basic Principles
Is 3D bench par vapour ko rotate karke dekho, thermometer bulb ko side-arm level par drag karo aur cooling water ko lower port se upper port tak flow karao. Play mode mein mantle heat badlo; heating transfer animation flask ka liquid level aur receiver fill cue update karta hai, jabki coolant flow condensation ko control karta hai. Fractionating column ke beads ya Vigreux bulbs repeated condensation-vaporisation stages dikhate hain, aur chuna hua cycles control visible packing badalta hai. Connected live-steam source organic volatile material ko externally supplied steam water ke saath condenser aur receiver tak le jaata hai; organic contribution aur steam-derived water ko qualitative readouts mein alag dikhaya jaata hai.
Organic Chemistry — Some Basic Principles
Dumas’ combustion aur Kjeldahl’s digestion ko ek hi interactive 3D bench par dekho. Pehle CO2 gas se apparatus purge karo, taaki initial air bina nitrogen add kiye nikle; phir CuO furnace chalao, KOH CO2 absorb karta hai, bacha N2 volume measure karke temperature aur pressure se STP par correct karo, ya conc H2SO4 digest karke liberated NH3 ko trap aur condenser se receiver tak bhejo. Receiver mein standard HCl ya boric acid choose karke titration endpoint tak meniscus le jao; model har step par apparatus, gases, absorbed products aur calculated nitrogen amount ko live update karta hai.
Organic Chemistry — Some Basic Principles
Hot saturated solution ko thanda karte dekho aur seed crystal se few large, ordered crystals grow karte dekho. Slow aur fast cooling compare karo, mother liquor se soluble impurity alag karo, aur camphor, iodine ya NH4Cl ke vapour ko cool filter paper par deposit hote dekho. NaCl ka cubic rock-salt structure aur potash alum ka octahedral habit bhi 3D me clearly compare hota hai.
goc
Electron-rich aur electron-deficient centres ko 3D molecules mein rotate karke dekho. NH3, H2O aur OH- ke lone pairs identify karo, BF3 aur monomeric AlCl3 ke vacant orbitals dhoondo, aur curved electron-flow arrows se donor se acceptor tak electron pair ka movement follow karo. Alkyl-halide mein polar C-X bond ki wajah se carbon electrophilic hota hai; separate halide ion nucleophile ho sakta hai.
goc
Ek tetrahedral chiral molecule ko 3D me ghumakar asymmetric carbon, mirror image aur non-superimposable enantiomers samjho. Do groups ko interchange karke configuration badlo, same pair dobara exchange karo, phir 1:1 enantiomer mixture se racemic mixture aur zero net optical rotation observe karo.
goc
Benzene ko sirf hexagon mat samajho—iska poora structure sp2 carbons, perpendicular p orbitals aur continuous π-electron cloud se samajhna hai. Is 3D lab mein 6 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms aur 6 p orbitals inspect karo, 6 π electrons count karo, do equivalent Kekulé resonance structures compare karo aur aromatic structure ka summary dekho. Reassemble view benzene ki original continuity dikhata hai, jabki Separate view atoms ko explicitly schematic components ke roop me explore karne deta hai.
goc
Ek hi frozen 3D molecule se organic reactions ki pehchaan clear karo: substitution mein group replace hota hai, addition mein C=C ke across atoms judte hain, elimination mein beta-H aur leaving group nikalkar double bond banta hai, aur rearrangement mein group molecule ke andar shift hota hai. Har model ko rotate karke exact tetrahedral ya trigonal-planar geometry, atom count aur bond change check karo.
goc
Is 3D lab me dekho ki carbocation carbon sp2 aur trigonal planar hota hai, uske three sigma bonds ek plane me rehte hain aur vacant p orbital uske perpendicular hota hai. Frozen steps me primary carbocation se 1,2-hydride shift aur quaternary adjacent carbon se 1,2-alkyl shift compare karo. Orange electron-pair arrow batata hai ki migrating group bond electrons ke saath shift hota hai; hydride shift me carbon skeleton same rehta hai, jabki alkyl shift me carbon count to same rehta hai par C-C connectivity badal jaati hai.
Stereochemistry & Isomerism
Spin the back carbon and watch a meso compound lock onto its own mirror image at the anti conformation — and watch the (±) form refuse to. Builds the cis/trans × syn/anti → meso/(±) intuition behind NEET 2025 Q51.
Stereochemistry & Isomerism
Flip the OH on C2, C3 and C4 of pentane-2,3,4-triol and watch 8 Fischer drawings collapse into just 4 molecules. See why C3 is a pseudo-chiral (r/s) centre in the meso forms — and not a stereocentre at all in the chiral pair.
Stereochemistry & Isomerism
Five families of molecules with zero chiral carbons that are still optically active — allenes, spiranes, alkylidene cycloalkanes, biphenyl atropisomers and N/P/S centres. Toggle groups, watch the σ-plane appear and vanish, and see why a plain amine racemises by umbrella flip while R₄N⁺ stays locked.
hydrocarbons
Ozone alkene ke C=C par secondary ozonide banata hai, aur Zn/H2O ya Me2S work-up us bond ko aldehydes ya ketones me todta hai. 2-methylpropene aur trans-but-2-ene ko rotate karke true 3D molecules, ozonide aur final products compare karo. Oxidative H2O2 work-up bhi dikhaya gaya hai, jisme aldehyde carboxylic acid banata hai aur terminal =CH2 carbon CO2 tak jaata hai.
hydrocarbons
Unsymmetrical alkene mein paani kahan lagta hai, ye 3D model se step-by-step dekho. Ethene, propene ya 2-methylbut-2-ene choose karke protonation, carbocation aur water attack ko frozen steps mein dekho. H zyada H wale carbon par jaata hai, OH kam H wale carbon par—isi se ethanol, propan-2-ol aur 2-methylbutan-2-ol sahi product banate hain.
hydrocarbons
Ethene ke C=C double bond ko 3D mein dekh kar addition polymerisation samjho. Pi orbitals highlighted hote hain, monomer join hote hain, aur continuous polythene chain ka zig-zag backbone, repeat unit, carbon count aur hydrogen count step-by-step freeze hota hai.
hydrocarbons
Elimination ko 3D mein dekho: 2-bromo-2-methylbutane ke tetravalent C2, teen beta-carbon positions aur C-H bonds clearly dikhte hain. Alcohol dehydration mein -OH ka -OH2+ mein badhna aur paani ka nikalna step-by-step samajho. Last stop par E/Z isomerism ki exact shart check karo aur do alkene products ko rotate karke compare karo.
hydrocarbons
Bromine ya chlorine alkene ke C=C par add hokar vicinal dihalide banata hai. Is 3D lab mein tum sigma aur pi bond alag dekhoge, bridged bromonium ion inspect karoge, opposite-face attack se anti product trace karoge, aur H2O se Markovnikov halohydrin banaoge. Last view cis- aur trans-2-butene ke racemic aur meso outcomes compare karta hai.
hydrocarbons
Is 3D lab me butane ka blue-flame combustion, exact oxygen counting aur limited-oxygen products explore karo. Fir butane aur 2-methylpropane ke 3D models rotate karke dekho: dono ka formula C4H10 hai, but carbon-chain connectivity alag hai. Molecular geometry, atom counts aur balanced combustion equation screen par frozen steps me clearly dikhte hain.
hydrocarbons
Benzene ke electrophilic substitution mechanism ko 3D mein samjho: electrophile ring ke face se attack karta hai, sigma-complex banta hai, aur H+ nikalne se aromaticity wapas aati hai. Nitration, halogenation, directing effects aur Friedel-Crafts alkylation-acylation ko frozen stepper aur interactive molecular model se explore karo.
hydrocarbons
3D molecules ke saath dekho ki H2 alkyne par kitne equivalents me lagta hai, partial reduction se cis-2-butene kaise banta hai, complete hydrogenation se n-butane kya hota hai, poisoned Pd par reaction kahan rukta hai, aur C-X reduction me halogen H se kaise replace hota hai. Har frozen step exact formula aur product geometry dikhata hai.
hydrocarbons
Pentane ke teen 3D structural isomers rotate karke unka molecular contact, branching aur boiling point compare karo. Isomer tap karo, temperature badhao aur dekho weak intermolecular contacts kaise tootte hain jab covalent C-C aur C-H bonds intact rehte hain. Properties tab par paani me insolubility, liquid hydrocarbons ka float karna, melting-point packing aur room-temperature alkane trend bhi explore hoga.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
Watch a nucleophile attack from the backside, flip the carbon's 'umbrella' through a trigonal-bipyramidal transition state, and kick out the leaving group. Drag the reaction-coordinate slider to see Walden inversion and the single-barrier energy profile move in lockstep.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
SN1 ka pura drama ek hi cheez hai — planar carbocation. Is lab mein carbon ko umbrella se plate bante hue dekho: Br⁻ chala jaata hai, carbon flat ho jaata hai, aur phir nucleophile upar se bhi neeche se bhi equally attack kar sakta hai. Result? Racemic mixture — 50:50 R aur S. Stepper ghumao, bond angles ka sum live 360° hote dekho, aur energy profile mein do humps pehchano — yehi SN1 ki pehchaan hai.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
E2 ek hi step mein hota hai — base β-H uthata hai, C–X bond tootta hai aur double bond banta hai, sab saath-saath. Par koi bhi β-H nahi: H aur Br anti-periplanar, lagbhag 180° aur ek flat runway mein hone chahiye. Dial ghumao, actual dihedral measure karo, C3 versus C1 route compare karo aur dekho kaunsa β-H E-but-2-ene, Z-but-2-ene ya but-1-ene deta hai.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
E1, E2 aur E1cb mein product kabhi same lag sakta hai, par timing alag hai. Do rassi hain — C–H aur C–LG. Kaun pehle tootegi? Uska jawab hi mechanism ka naam hai. Bars dekho, frozen stops pe chalo aur carbocation, no-intermediate aur enolate ka real difference pakdo.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
R-X aur Mg ko dry, CO₂-free ether me milane par nucleophilic R-MgX banta hai. Is 3D lab me Mg ribbon activate karke C-Mg bond banao, phir HCHO, CO₂ ya water target par tap karke attack, intermediate aur final product dekho. Model atom-by-atom movement, bond changes, hydrolysis aur acidic workup calculate karta hai. Paani se quench bhi dikhata hai ki Grignard reagent kitna moisture-sensitive hai.
haloalkanes-haloarenes
C–X bond ko sirf ek line mat samjho: is 3D lab mein CH₃F, CH₃Cl, CH₃Br aur CH₃I ke true tetrahedral models ghoorne ke saath bond polarity, bond strength, bond length, boiling point aur density ko compare karo. Orange arrow C delta positive se halogen delta negative dikhata hai, jabki energy bars C–F se C–I tak bond-strength order samjhate hain. Water tank mein CH₃Cl aur CH₃Br ke gaseous state ko pressurised liquid view ke saath bhi dekho: CH₃Cl ka condensed liquid water se halka hai aur upar rahega, jabki CH₃Br aur CH₃I dense lower phases banayenge. CH₂Cl₂ aur CHCl₃ polar hain, lekin tetrahedral CCl₄ ke chaaron C–Cl dipoles cancel hone se wo nonpolar hai.
haloalkanes-haloarenes
Same leaving group aur same conditions par methyl, primary, secondary aur tertiary alkyl chlorides ko 3D me compare karo. SN2 lane me nucleophile 180° backside attack karta hai, jisse steric crowding speed ko CH3X > 1° > 2° >> 3° order me giriti hai. SN1 lane me C–Cl bond pehle toot kar carbocation banata hai; +I effect aur 0, 3, 6, 9 hyperconjugating alpha-H stability ko 3° > 2° > 1° banate hain. Neopentyl exception se dikhta hai ki primary label alone fast SN2 guarantee nahi karta.
haloalkanes-haloarenes
Ek 3D solvent lab me dekho ki water ke hydrogen-bond shell anionic nucleophile ko cage karke SN2 ko slow kyun karte hain, jabki DMSO jaisa polar aprotic solvent less strongly solvated nucleophile ko faster attack karne deta hai. Nucleophile size aur polarizability ke saath 2-chloropropane par tert-butoxide aur ethoxide ka SN2-E2 comparison bhi dikhaya gaya hai, aur suitable tertiary substrate par SN1 ka solvent effect alag se shown kiya gaya hai.
haloalkanes-haloarenes
Chlorobenzene ke C–Cl bond ko 3D me explore karo: chlorine ka lone pair benzene ring ke six p orbitals me delocalise hota hai. Paanch contributing structures switch karke dekho ki negative charge ortho, ortho aur para positions par aata hai, meta par nahi. Chlorobenzene ko methyl chloride se compare karke substitution reactivity samjho, aur +M donation ke saath -I withdrawal ko alag-alag visualize karo.
d-f-block
Catalyst ko surface ke saath 3D me dekho aur d-block metals ki catalytic behaviour samjho. Alternate pathway ki activation energy lower hoti hai, isliye reaction ka rate badhta hai. Par catalyst overall reaction me consume nahi hota, regenerate hota hai, aur equilibrium constant ya equilibrium position ko change nahi karta. Contact process, Haber process aur catalytic converter ke correct examples bhi ek-ek karke explore karo.
d-f-block
Lanthanoid series ko 3D mein explore karo: [Xe] core ke andar 4f electrons ka gradual filling, +3 ka dominant oxidation state, aur La se Lu tak Ln3+ ions ka relative contraction. Exact configuration cards, Eu-Yb ke +2 cases, Ce-Tb ke +4 cases, aur Zr-Hf ki nearly same size consequence ko step by step dekho.
d-f-block
BCC iron lattice ko 3D me kholo, tetrahedral ya octahedral interstitial site select karo aur H, C, N ya B atom place karo. Dekho small atom kaise metal ke voids me fit hota hai bina host lattice point replace kiye. Phir Cu-Zn, Cu-Sn, Fe-Cr-Ni aur Fe-C recipes se variable-composition alloys banao.
d-f-block
Actinoids me electrons 5f subshell se progressive fill hote hain. Is 3D lab me 5f filling ko 0 se 14 tak step-by-step badlo, occupied electron slots ko count karo aur uranium ke +3 se +6 oxidation states par staircase se switch karo. Comparison view me 4f aur 5f ko side-by dekho, later actinoids ke stable +3 state ko samjho aur early members ke high oxidation states explore karo.
Coordination Compounds
Slider kheecho aur khud dekho ki t₂g neeche kyun girta hai — koi textbook decree nahi, pure geometry hai. Ligands jab axes ke along aate hain, e_g (d_z², d_x²−y²) ke lobes unke seedha face mein aate hain aur orange hoke upar khisak jaate hain, jabki t₂g beech mein chhup ke neeche aa jaata hai. Octahedral ⇄ tetrahedral toggle karo aur splitting ka ulta hona live dekho — Δ_t = 4/9 Δ₀ ke saath. d¹ se d¹⁰ tak electrons bharo, strong/weak field badlo, aur CFSE + unpaired electrons turant pado. NEET ka favourite trap — [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻ vs [FeF₆]³⁻ — yaha khud solve ho jaata hai.
Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds ko sirf diagram me mat dekho: is 3D lab me haem ke coordinated Fe2+ ko alag Haemoglobin tab me dikhaya gaya hai, jabki Play tab me selected metal ka bada EDTA complex centre me rehta hai. Ca2+, Fe3+ ya Pb2+ target choose karke dekho ki EDTA ke chaar carboxylate O aur do amine N ek hi central ion se kaise coordinate bonds banate hain. Complex charge, denticity, coordination number aur chaar N–O plus ek N–N chelate loop sab state se compute hote hain.
Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds sirf theory ke examples nahi, metal extraction aur catalytic reactions me bhi kaam aate hain. Is 3D bench par CN⁻, O₂ aur H₂O add karke ore se gold ko soluble [Au(CN)₂]⁻ complex ion me le jao, phir Zn dust se gold precipitate karo. Dusri station par soluble Wilkinson’s catalyst RhCl(PPh₃)₃ ke saath C₂H₄ aur H₂ ko molecular Rh intermediate tak le jao; C₂H₆ alkane banta hai aur catalyst regenerate hota hai.
coordination-compounds
Werner ke coordination compounds ko formula se aage badhao aur dekhlo ki secondary valency 6 ke six donor positions coordination entity banate hain, jabki cobalt ki primary valency 3 rehti hai. Paani mein ion counts aur AgNO3 se AgCl yield compare karo, saath mein cis-trans [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ geometry dekho.
coordination-compounds
Ek hi metal ion par NH3 aur ethylenediamine ligands attach karke dekho. 3D model batayega ki monodentate ligand ka ek donor atom coordination number mein 1 deta hai, jabki bidentate en ke dono N donors milkar five-membered chelate ring banate hain. Do NH3 aur ek en ki comparison se ligand count aur donor count ka farq bhi clear hoga.
coordination-compounds
Coordination compounds mein paired ya grouped isomers ka overall composition fixed ra kar ligand, counter-ion, donor atom, water aur metal centre ki connectivity badli ja sakti hai. Is 3D lab mein octahedral complexes dekh kar ionisation, linkage, hydrate aur coordination isomerism switch karo, phir cis–trans, fac–mer aur [Co(en)₃]³⁺ ke optical forms explore karo. Exact formula, charge aur coordination number model ke saath verify hote hain.
coordination-compounds
3D ligands ko metal ke sockets se jodo, donor atoms count karke coordination number nikalo aur ligand charges se metal ka oxidation number solve karo. NH3, CN-, Cl-, H2O aur bidentate en ke real volumetric models se charge balance, counter-ions, denticity aur chelation ek hi frozen-step lesson me dikhte hain.
coordination-compounds
Coordination compounds ke magnetic behaviour ko VBT ke through samajhne ke liye inner aur outer orbital hybridisation ko 3D mein dekho. Co3+ ke d6 electrons inner case mein pair hokar d2sp3 set banate hain, jabki outer case mein char unpaired 3d electrons rahkar sp3d2 hybridisation se associate hote hain. Electron occupancy, coordination number, hybrid directions aur compass deflection ko ek frozen stepper mein compare karo.
p-Block Elements
A guided lab: count B₂H₆'s electrons and discover it can't be ethane-like, watch two BH₃ fuse, fill the 3-centre MO yourself and see the banana bond appear. Ends by sorting 3c-2e vs 3c-4e bridges (Al₂(CH₃)₆ vs Al₂Cl₆).
p-Block Elements
Group 14 chemistry ko 3D me explore karo: Play mode me CO aur CO2 ke atoms par tap karke molecules compare karo, Silicate network mode me tetrahedra drag karke corners se connected network build karo, aur Si-O backbone wale silicone chain ko rotate karke structure samjho.
p-Block Elements
AlCl₃ ko cool aur heat karke Al₂Cl₆ dimerisation explore karo, phir Group 13 ke electronic configuration, oxidation states aur general trends ko 3D atoms me investigate karo. Play me temperature badlo, Al aur Cl atoms ke bonds live change hote dekho, phir B se Tl tak radius, metallic character aur inert-pair effect compare karo.
atomic-structure
Bohr model ko 3D me explore karo: hydrogen ke stationary electron orbits, n² ke according radius, changing speed, energy aur angular momentum dekhho. Electron ko ring-to-ring drag karke permitted states samjho, phir n = 4 se n = 1 direct emission aur n = 1 se n = 4 absorption ko frozen transitions me compare karo. Exact 12.75 eV photon energy aur ek direct jump se exactly one photon ka rule model me clearly freeze hota hai.
atomic-structure
3D orbital boxes mein electrons place karke Aufbau, Pauli aur Hund rule ko stepwise samajho. Ar ka 18-electron configuration, 2p aur 3d spin practice, Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ ki isoelectronic comparison, aur Cr-Cu ke exceptional configurations ek hi lab mein explore hote hain.
atomic-structure
True 3D nucleus ko gholo aur proton-neutron packing ko alag karke Z, A aur N ka exact relation verify karo. Hydrogen aur carbon isotopes compare karke dekho ki same Z ke saath neutron count badhne se mass number kaise badhta hai. Final stop par 12C, 56Fe aur 238U ke radius ko R = R0 A^(1/3) ke according same scale par compare kiya gaya hai.
atomic-structure
Gold-foil scattering ko 3D chamber mein dekho: most alpha particles almost undeflected pass hote hain, chhoti fraction deflect hoti hai aur bahut kam particles large angle par backscatter hote hain. Compact positive nucleus, mostly empty space aur electrons ke extra-nuclear region ko frozen stops par samjho.
atomic-structure
Is 3D lab mein n, l, m_l aur m_s ke real 3D dials rotate karke permitted electron states banao. Har state transparent shells, subshell aur orbital volume se map hoti hai. 2p, 3d aur 4f presets ke quantum-number labels padho, phir invalid combinations ko turant red verdict se reject karo. Orbital ko electron path na samjho—ye one-electron wave function ka probability region hai.
oxygen-compounds
Phenol ki acidic nature ko 3D molecule me dekho: –OH ka proton base ke paas jaata hai, phenoxide ion banta hai, aur negative charge aromatic ring par resonance se share hota hai. Phir phenol aur alcohol ko compare karke samjho ki phenol resonance stabilisation ki wajah se zyada acidic hai.
oxygen-compounds
Is interactive 3D lab mein benzene ring ko rotate karke phenol ke do main preparation routes trace karo: cumene process aur benzenesulphonic acid route. Friedel-Crafts alkylation, aerobic oxidation, dilute H2SO4 cleavage, alkali fusion aur acidification ke frozen steps exact structural formulas ke saath samajh aayenge.
oxygen-compounds
Phenol ke activated ortho aur para positions ko 3D ring par dekhkar bromination, nitration, sulphonation aur Reimer–Tiemann reaction samjho. Har frozen stop exact product, reagent, condition aur ring position dikhata hai; Section view C-2 sigma-complex ka puckering bhi reveal karta hai.
oxygen-compounds
Aldol condensation ke frozen 3D steps dekho: base acetaldehyde se ek alpha-H remove karke enolate banata hai, alpha-carbon doosre carbonyl carbon se C-C bond banata hai, protonation beta-hydroxy aldehyde deta hai aur heating E1cB dehydration se conjugated crotonaldehyde. Crossed case mein formaldehyde non-enolisable acceptor hai, isliye enolate sirf acetaldehyde se banta hai.
oxygen-compounds
Aldehyde aur ketone ke carbonyl carbon ko 3D mein compare karo. Model dikhata hai ki aldehyde ke directly attached H ke oxidation se acid ya alkaline medium mein carboxylate banta hai, jabki ketone ka carbonyl C-H nahi hota aur mild oxidant use nahi badalta. Reagent selector Tollens, Fehling, acidified K2Cr2O7 aur neutral KMnO4 ke exact visible changes dikhata hai. Last stop vigorous oxidation se ketone ki adjacent C-C bonds cleavage aur carboxylic-acid fragments samjhaata hai.
oxygen-compounds
Carboxylic acid ki acidity ko 3D molecular model se samjho: hydroxyl proton ionise karke resonance-stabilised carboxylate banao, -I groups ka effect dekho aur pKa meter se acid strength compare karo. CH3 ka +I effect acidity kam karta hai, jabki F, Cl, CF3 aur CCl3 carboxylate ko stabilise karke acidity badhate hain.
oxygen-compounds
Aldehydes aur ketones ke preparation ke teen core routes 3D mein explore karo: reductive ya oxidative ozonolysis, 1° alcohol ka mild oxidation aur distillation, aur Friedel-Crafts acylation. Har stop frozen state mein khulta hai, molecules exact geometry ke saath dikhte hain, aur apparatus ko separate, reassemble ya section view mein orbit karke dekh sakte ho.
oxygen-compounds
Acetone ke ek selected alpha-methyl carbon ke teen H ko I se replace karo, OH- attack aur tetrahedral intermediate dekho, phir C-C cleavage ke baad yellow CHI3 precipitate aur acetate salt identify karo. Stepper mechanism aur final stoichiometry ko ek hi frozen sequence mein clearly connect karta hai.
practical-chemistry
Unknown identify karne ke liye observation aur reagent ko match karna seekho. Is 3D bench par alkene ke bromine-Baeyer tests, alcohol-phenol reactions, functional-group tests, cation group sequence, flame colours, anion tests aur coloured confirmatory precipitates ko step-by-step explore karo.
practical-chemistry
Rotatable 3D titration bench par burette reading, 0.01 mL reading precision, indicator colour change, oxalic acid-KMnO4 reaction aur Mohr's salt stoichiometry ko step-by-step samjhiye. HCl-NaOH run mein slight NaOH excess pale pink endpoint deta hai, jabki KMnO4 redox runs mein equivalence ke just baad first persistent pale pink self-endpoint dikhata hai.
purification-characterisation
Lassaigne’s test ko ek real 3D bench par samjho: sodium fusion ke baad N, S aur halogens water-soluable sodium salts mein badalte hain. Alag-alag confirmatory portions se Prussian blue, black PbS, white AgCl, pale-yellow AgBr aur yellow AgI observe karo. Hidden sample switch, cutaway view aur acid toggle se check karo ki dilute HNO3 kyun use hota hai aur HCl kyun nahi.
purification-characterisation
Chromatography aur differential extraction ko ek 3D bench par samajho: column mein gravity flow, TLC par capillary action, silica par alag migration speeds, aur separatory funnel mein immiscible liquid layers. Rf ruler se spot aur solvent front ke distances compare karo, phir DCM ya ether swap karke desired layer choose karo.
nitrogen-compounds
Is 3D lab me aniline ke benzene ring ko ghoorne do aur nitrogen ke lone pair ko resonance donation ke saath dekho. C-2, C-4 aur C-6 electron-rich sites hain. Phir bromine water se 2,4,6-tribromoaniline, mixed acid se chiefly ortho- and para-nitroanilines, protonated anilinium, aur acetyl protection ke baad p-nitroacetanilide formation explore karo.
nitrogen-compounds
Interactive 3D lab jisme methylamine ke nitrogen lone pair se N-alkylation aur N-acylation samajho. Pehla SN2 attack [(CH3)2NH2]+ Br- banata hai, jo quaternary salt nahi hai; repeated alkylation se [N(CH3)4]+ Br- milta hai. Acid chloride ke saath attack amide CH3CONHCH3 banata hai aur nitrogen lone pair carbonyl ke saath resonance share karta hai.
nitrogen-compounds
Methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine aur aniline ke 3D models se nitrogen geometry, lone-pair availability aur protonation equilibrium samajho. Alkyl amines ka nitrogen trigonal-pyramidal hota hai, jabki aniline ka nitrogen approximately planar hai aur uska lone pair ring ke p orbital se conjugated rehta hai. Har stop par exact pKb value, lone-pair ka role aur reversible B + H+ ↔ BH+ equilibrium clearly dikhta hai. Aqueous methylamine basicity order bhi explore karo, jisme dimethylamine trimethylamine aur methylamine se stronger base hai.
nitrogen-compounds
Nitration ka mechanism 3D me chalao: benzene ring par NO₂⁺ attack karke nitrobenzene banao, resonance hybrid ko ghooro aur meta direction samjho. Phir Sn/HCl se acidic protonation aur alkaline work-up ke through aniline tak reduction follow karo.