What is an SN2 reaction?

SN2 stands for bimolecular nucleophilic substitution. A nucleophile attacks the carbon bearing the leaving group from the opposite side (backside attack), and in a single concerted step the new bond forms as the leaving group departs. There is no intermediate — bond making and bond breaking happen together.

Why does SN2 cause inversion of configuration?

Because the nucleophile attacks from the side directly opposite the leaving group, the three other groups on the carbon are pushed through a flat trigonal-bipyramidal transition state and flip to the far side — like an umbrella turning inside out in the wind. This spatial flip is called Walden inversion, and it means a chiral carbon ends up with the opposite configuration.

What is the order of reactivity of alkyl halides in SN2?

The SN2 reactivity order is CH₃X > 1° > 2° > 3°. The more alkyl groups attached to the carbon, the more they block the nucleophile's backside approach (steric hindrance). Tertiary halides are essentially unreactive toward SN2 and react by SN1 instead.

How is SN2 different from SN1?

SN2 is a single concerted step with a rate that depends on both the substrate and the nucleophile (rate = k[substrate][Nu]), and it gives 100% inversion. SN1 goes through a carbocation intermediate in two steps, its rate depends only on the substrate (rate = k[substrate]), and it gives a racemic mixture. SN2 is favoured by methyl/primary substrates, strong nucleophiles, and polar aprotic solvents.

What is the rate law for an SN2 reaction?

The rate law is Rate = k[substrate][nucleophile] — second order overall, first order in each reactant. The '2' in SN2 refers to this bimolecularity: both species appear in the rate-determining (and only) step. Doubling either concentration doubles the rate.

Yes. SN2 is part of the Haloalkanes and Haloarenes chapter and is tested almost every year. The most common question patterns are the reactivity order (CH₃ > 1° > 2° > 3°), the stereochemistry (inversion / Walden inversion), the second-order rate law, and distinguishing SN1 from SN2.

OrganicMediumNEET: 2-3 Q3D

Chemistry lab

SN2 Reaction — Backside Attack & Walden Inversion

Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

Explore the interactive model.

Loading lab

slider drag karo — backside attack se inversion tak · canvas drag karke rotate karo

How to use this lab

1Substrate choose karo: CH₃ → 1° → 2° → 3°.
2Dekho nucleophile (OH⁻) backside se attack karta hai.
3Umbrella inversion + relative reaction rate compare karo.

About this lab

Watch a nucleophile attack from the backside, flip the carbon's 'umbrella' through a trigonal-bipyramidal transition state, and kick out the leaving group. Drag the reaction-coordinate slider to see Walden inversion and the single-barrier energy profile move in lockstep.

What you're seeing

SN2 ek hi step mein hota hai (concerted). Nucleophile (yaha OH⁻) leaving group ke theek 180° opposite se — yaani peeche se — attack karta hai. Jaise hi naya C–Nu bond banta hai, purana C–Br bond toot-ta hai, aur central carbon ki 'chhatri' ulti ho jaati hai. Isi wajah se configuration invert hoti hai — ise Walden inversion kehte hain. Slider drag karke poora mechanism dekho: approach → transition state → inversion → products.

Key NEET facts

Order / molecularity: 2nd order, bimolecular
Reactivity order: CH₃ > 1° > 2° > 3°
Stereochemistry: 100% inversion
Mechanism: Single step, no intermediate

Memory trick

SN2: peeche se vaar, chhatri ulti — inversion pakka.

Practice

Test Yourself

Which alkyl bromide undergoes the SN2 reaction fastest?

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States of Matter — From BEC to Plasma

States of Matter

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