Botany catalogue
40 published interactive labs from the NEET syllabus. Search a topic or start with the chapter in front of you.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Open the replication fork, run both polymerases, join the Okazaki fragments, then wind the daughters. Six NEET-style practice questions along the way.
Start lessonBiotechnology: Principles and Processes
Heat the DNA, bind the primers, run Taq polymerase, then 30 cycles. Six NEET-style practice questions along the way.
Start lessonMolecular Basis of Inheritance
See how 2 metres of DNA folds into a 10 µm nucleus. Explore the nucleosome in 3D — click the 8 histones (2 each of H2A, H2B, H3, H4), the DNA wrapped 1.65 turns, and the H1 linker. Then switch to DNA Packing and coil the 'beads on a string' into the 30 nm chromatin fibre, watching the packing ratio climb.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Drag one slider and watch 2 metres of DNA fold all the way down to a 10,000× compacted chromosome. Walk the five packing levels in 3D — naked double helix → nucleosomes (beads-on-a-string) → 30 nm chromatin fibre → looped domains → the condensed metaphase chromosome — with the packing ratio climbing 1× → ~10,000× at every step.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA replication ke ek 3D fork ko follow karo: helicase duplex kholta hai, SSB separated templates stabilize karte hain, primase RNA primers banata hai aur DNA polymerase leading strand continuously तथा lagging strand Okazaki fragments mein banata hai. Finished daughter molecules mein ek old aur ek new strand dikhega. Meselson-Stahl density bands ke saath samajho ki semiconservative replication ko experiment kaise prove karta hai.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Is interactive 3D lab mein prokaryotic 30S/50S ribosome aur eukaryotic cytoplasmic 60S/40S ribosome, mRNA channel, A-P-E sites, tRNA docking aur growing polypeptide chain ko frozen lesson stops mein dekho. Genetic code ke 64 codons, 61 sense codons, 20 amino acids aur UAA/UAG/UGA stop codons samajho. Mutation desk par base bead select karke substitution, insertion, deletion aur downstream premature stop try karo, aur dekho non-triplet insertion-deletion downstream reading frame ko kaise shift karti hai.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA ko sirf do parallel lines mat samajho—ye right-handed, antiparallel double helix hai. Is 3D lab mein 5' aur 3' ends trace karo, strands alag karke complementary pairing dekho, hydrogen bonds count karo, aur Chargaff ke ratios apply karo. Last stop par 10 base pairs per turn, 0.34 nm rise, 3.4 nm pitch, 2 nm diameter aur major-minor grooves ek hi frozen model mein measure hote hain.
Cell: The Unit of Life
Explore a bacterial cell in 3D cutaway. Click the capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, mesosome, nucleoid, plasmid, 70S ribosomes, flagella and pili to learn NEET-relevant facts. Flip the Gram Stain toggle to watch the wall thicken and the outer membrane appear — Gram +ve vs Gram −ve, seen not memorised.
Cell: The Unit of Life
Mitochondria aur plastids ki double envelope ko single-membrane microbodies se alag karke dekho. Is 3D lab mein mitochondrion ki cristae aur matrix; chloroplast ke grana, stroma lamellae aur stroma; chromoplast-leucoplast ke storage functions; aur peroxisome-glyoxysome ko rotate karke compare karo. Separate, whole aur section views internal organisation ko clear karte hain.
Cell: The Unit of Life
Ek tracked protein ko rough ER se transport vesicle, cis-Golgi aur trans-Golgi se aakar lysosome ya tonoplast-bound vacuole tak le jaao. Plant aur animal cell views alag-alag explore karo, cutaway se membranes dekho aur organelle ko click karke isolate karo.
Cell: The Unit of Life
Is 3D lab me nucleus ki double membrane, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm aur non-membranous nucleolus explore karo. Chromatin ko interphase threads se condensed metaphase chromosome me badlo, 2 sister chromatids aur centromere ko identify karo, phir centromere position se metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric aur telocentric chromosome types compare karo.
Plant Kingdom
Explore the dorsiventral thallus of Marchantia in 3D — a classic NEET liverwort. Click the green dorsal surface (diamond air chambers + gemma cups), flip to the pale ventral side (rhizoids + scales), and study the two gametophores: the scalloped ♂ antheridiophore and the finger-lobed ♀ archegoniophore.
Plant Kingdom
Gymnosperm ko samajhne ke liye 3D model rotate karke vascular sporophyte, reduced gametophytes aur pollen tube examine karo. Pinus ke compact male aur female cones ke saath Cycas ke compact male cone aur loose female crown bhi compare karo, jahan naked seed aur strobili ki arrangement clear dikhti hai.
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Ek electron pair ko paani se NADPH tak follow karo — live. Stepper ghumao aur dekho PSII (P680) photon kaise pakadta hai, paani lumen mein kaise phatta hai, aur H⁺ ions kaise andar jama hote hain. Side mein Z-scheme diagram same stop pe sync chalta hai, energy axis ke saath — ab wo zigzag doodle nahi, mechanism hai. Cyclic vs non-cyclic toggle dabao aur turant dekho ki ATP-only vs ATP+NADPH+O₂ ka fark kahan se aata hai.
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Common galti: 'C4 plants me Calvin cycle nahi hota.' Hota hai — bas mesophyll me nahi, BUNDLE SHEATH me. Is lab me maize (C4) aur wheat (C3) ki leaf ka 3D slice ghumao, bundle sheath ka 'wreath' (Kranz) dekho, aur CO2 ke saath chalo: mesophyll me PEPcase, malate bundle sheath tak, CO2 release, phir RuBisCO aur Calvin cycle. Yahi setup photorespiration ko rok deta hai.
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Calvin cycle ke har frozen step ko 3D stroma chamber me dekho: RuBisCO carboxylation, ATP-NADPH reduction, RuBP regeneration aur six-turn net G3P output. Molecular balance ko rotate karke check karo, Rubisco ko alag karo, aur samjho ki 6 CO2 ke baad 2 net G3P milte hain, jo aage milkar 1 glucose-equivalent banate hain.
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Interactive 3D lab mein dekho ki RuBisCO O2 kaise CO2 ki jagah bind karta hai aur photorespiration chloroplast, peroxisome aur mitochondrion mein kaise recover hoti hai. Organelle ko rotate, section ya separate karke RuBisCO, glycolate, glycine aur serine ko follow karo. Carbon ledger 2 glycine se 1 CO2 aur 25% carbon loss dikhata hai, jabki final stop energy cost, favourable conditions aur C4 suppression clear karta hai.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Prophase I ke paanch stages ek ek karke dekho — synapsis, synaptonemal complex, pachytene mein crossing over, diplotene ke chiasmata — sab 3D mein, stepper se. Maternal homologue teal, paternal violet; crossing-over toggle off karke dekho: saare gametes parental ho jaate hain, par phir bhi do alag classes bachti hain (har class do baar) — kyunki independent assortment apna kaam khud karti hai. Crossing over ON karo aur dekho recombinant chromatids — combos jo kisi parent ke paas nahi the. Anaphase I vs anaphase II ka confusion yaha permanently clear ho jaayega: pehle homologues alag, sisters baad mein.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Ek 3D nucleus mein highlighted homologous pair ko rotate karke dekho. Model samjhata hai ki homologues pairing ke liye close alignment mein aate hain aur unke non-sister chromatids ke beech crossing over kaise corresponding DNA segments exchange karke recombinant allele combinations banata hai. Teal aur yellow colours maternal aur paternal origin trace karne ke illustrative labels hain; highlighted pair actual chromosome count nahi dikhata.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Chromosome number aur DNA content ko alag count karna seekho. 3D cells me yellow centromere select karke dekho ki chromosome count X-shape se nahi, centromere se hoti hai. Example 2n = 4 use hua hai: G1 2C, S ke baad 4C, meiosis I ke baad har daughter cell n = 2 aur 2C, aur meiosis II ke products n = 2 aur 1C hote hain. Membrane aur nuclear envelope ko separate karke chromosomes, sister chromatids aur DNA helix ko side/top view me explore karo.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Ek hi higher plant cell ko rotate karke G1, S, G2, M aur G0 ke frozen states dekho. Growth, DNA replication, preparation for mitosis, sister-chromatid separation, daughter nuclei aur cell plate ko 3D mein samjho. Separate view se cell wall, plasma membrane, nuclear envelope aur chromatin ko alag karke layers inspect karo.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Chaaron flat diagrams (dicot stem, monocot stem, dicot root, monocot root) ko ratt-ne ka band karo. Yaha ek real 3D organ khada hai — usse ghumao, slicing slider se cut plane ghumaao, aur textbook wali T.S. diagram cut face par khud ban'ti dikhegi. Xylem har state mein orange hai, isliye chaaron diagrams ek system lagne lagte hain. Neeche labelled SVG T.S. aur 'isse pehchano' tells milenge jo revision ke liye kaafi hain.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Plant body ko sirf diagram nahi, 3D mein build karo: meristematic cells se shoot aur root tips, parenchyma-collenchyma-sclerenchyma ke simple tissues, aur xylem-phloem ke vascular bundle tak. Alag-alag tissue cells ko select karke dekhna, whole aur cutaway view badalna, aur stem-root ki spatial arrangement ko rotate karke samajhna.
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Paanch placentation types ratna band karo — unhe KAATO. Ek 3D ovary rotate karo, slice slider se beech se kaato, aur dekho ki textbook wala circle khud ban jaata hai. Marginal, axile, parietal, free-central, basal — har type ka asli 3D difference dikhega: kitne chambers, ovules kahan chipke hain, septa hain ya nahi. Sibling T.S. diagram same state se sync mein draw hota hai, toh revision ke liye exact NCERT figure ready milegi.
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Racemose aur cymose inflorescence ko 3D branches par compare karo. Raceme aur panicle mein growing tip continue hota hai, jyada purane flowers base aur naye buds apex par rehte hain. Cymose systems mein axis terminal flower par khatam hota hai; dichasium exactly 2 lateral axes banata hai, jabki monochasium 1 continuing branch rakhta hai. Scorpioid cyme ko rotate karke opposite sides par alternate hoti coiled branches dekho.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Sab kehte hain 'fertilisation matlab ek sperm + ek egg' — angiosperms mein nahi hota aisa. Ek pollen tube DO male gametes girata hai: ek egg se fuse hoke zygote (2n) banata hai, doosra do polar nuclei ke saath triple fusion karke PEN (3n) banata hai. Is 3D lab mein stepper ghumao — mature 7-celled, 8-nucleate embryo sac se lekar dono fusions tak — aur har structure pe floating ploidy tag dekho. Counting khud aankhon se hogi, ratta nahi lagana padega.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Anther ke wall layers ratne ki cheez lagte hain, jab tak unhe kaat ke nahi dekhte. Is lab me stamen ko ghumao, anther ko beech se kaato, aur ek microsporangium me ghuso: epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, aur sabse andar TAPETUM jo pollen ko khana deta hai. Phir ek pollen grain kholo — sporopollenin ki hard exine, germ pores, intine, aur andar vegetative aur generative cell.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Ovule ko 3D mein kholo aur female gametophyte ke development ko frozen steps mein dekho: 2n MMC meiosis se linear megaspore tetrad banaata hai, chalazal megaspore survive karta hai, aur 3 mitotic divisions ke baad 7-celled, 8-nucleate embryo sac organise hota hai. Rotate, section aur separate views se egg apparatus, central cell, polar nuclei aur antipodals ko spatial form mein samjho.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Pollen grain ko sirf male gamete mat samajhiye—wo male gametophyte hai. Is 3D lab mein receptive stigma par hydration, germ pore se pollen-tube emergence, style ke transmitting tract se guidance, micropyle entry aur synergid ke filiform apparatus ko step by step dekhiye. Seven-celled, eight-nucleate embryo sac bhi sahi cell aur nucleus counts ke saath khulta hai. Last stop par incompatible pollen ki arrested tube dikhti hai, jisse double fertilisation nahi hota.
Microbes in Human Welfare
Kitchen ke chaar microbial stations ko 3D mein explore karo: Lactobacillus milk ko lactic acid aur casein gel ke through curd banata hai, yeast dough ko CO2 se inflate karta hai, bacteria aur fungi milk se cheese prepare karne mein help karte hain, aur yeast palm sap ko ethanol-containing toddy mein ferment karta hai. Har station ko rotate, separate aur reassemble karke substrate, microbe aur product ka connection clearly dekho.
Microbes in Human Welfare
Ek rotatable soil-root model me dekho ki Rhizobium legume root nodule ke andar nitrogen kaise fix karta hai, mycorrhizal hyphae phosphate aur water kaise absorb karwate hain, Anabaena paddy water me kaise rehta hai, aur Azospirillum cereal-root rhizosphere me kaise kaam karta hai. Stopper har partner ko uski asli location aur correct 3D form me isolate karta hai.
Organisms and Populations
Is interactive 3D lab mein 10 × 10 field par 40 individuals se population density calculate karo, time interval ke saath births aur deaths log karke natality aur mortality padho, aur rotating age pyramids se expanding, stable aur declining age structures compare karo. Har reading exact observation ke saath aati hai, isliye standing count aur rate ko mix nahi kiya jaata.
Organisms and Populations
Species ke beech interaction ko rotate karke signs decode karo: mutualism mein dono benefit karte hain, competition mein dono harmed hote hain, predation mein predator benefits aur prey harmed hota hai, aur parasitism mein parasite host se nourishment leta hai. Har frozen stop exact + aur - signs dikhata hai; host–parasite model ko section ya separated view mein bhi jhoch sakte ho.
Plant Growth and Development
Is 3D lab mein plant tissue ko step-by-step samajho: specialised cell ki identity, explant se dedifferentiation, irregular callus, aur redifferentiation ke baad shoot-root tissues. Model ko rotate karke side aur top se dekho, explant ko separate karke layers inspect karo, aur callus cells ko select karke unki undifferentiated state observe karo.
Plant Growth and Development
Ek hi 3D plant par paanch plant growth regulators ko trace karo: auxin ka apex se stem tak gradient, gibberellin se internode elongation, cytokinin se cell division, ABA se stomatal closure aur dormancy, aur gaseous ethylene se ripening, abscission aur seedling triple response. Molecule par click karke hormone apply/remove karo, leaf section mein kidney-shaped guard cells dekho, fruit response badlo aur organs ko separate/reassemble karo.
Respiration in Plants
Ek glucose ko 3D cytosol ke andar 10 enzymatic steps se guzarte dekho: 2 ATP invest hote hain, six-carbon sugar do three-carbon G3P me split hota hai aur 2 pyruvate bante hain. Har enzyme node ko alag karke reaction order inspect kar sakte ho. Payoff par exact accounting dikhti hai — 4 ATP produced, 2 ATP consumed, net 2 ATP aur 2 NADH + 2 H+. O2 switch se ye bhi pata chalta hai ki fermentation NAD+ regenerate karke glycolysis ko continue karne mein madad karta hai, lekin extra ATP nahi deta.
Respiration in Plants
Mitochondrial matrix ke andar 8-step TCA cycle ko 3D schematic torus mein follow karo. Acetyl-CoA condensation, exactly do CO2-releasing oxidative decarboxylation steps, NADH, FADH2 aur GTP capture, phir oxaloacetate regeneration tak ka frozen path dekho. Last stop par cycle ke amphibolic role ko bhi kholo: citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA aur oxaloacetate se fatty acids, amino acids, haem aur glucose-related biosynthesis ke exit routes dikhte hain.
Biological Classification
Monera ke prokaryotic cells ko true 3D mein rotate karke compare karo: eubacteria ka peptidoglycan wall, archaeal branched-chain lipids, eubacterial forms cyanobacteria ke parallel thylakoids, aur wall-less pleomorphic mycoplasma. Har specimen isolate hota hai, jisse cell-envelope features clear dikhte hain; mycoplasma mein cell wall absent hai, jabki photosynthetic thylakoid membranes cyanobacteria mein dikhate hain.
Biological Classification
Fungal body ko 3D me explore karo: chitinous cell wall, absorptive heterotrophic nutrition, branching mycelium, septate ya aseptate hyphae aur spore ki motility. Cutaway view se internal structure dekho aur zoospore ko usually non-motile fungal spores se compare karo.
Biological Classification
Protista ke alag-alag body plans ek interactive microscope stage par explore karo: diatom ka transparent silica frustule, dinoflagellate ke cellulose wall aur 2 flagella, euglenoid ka flexible protein pellicle, plasmodial slime mould ka sporangium, aur protozoan ka pseudopodial movement. Har specimen ko rotate, separate ya internally reveal karke NCERT ke major identification points ko 3D mein pakad lo.