Hybridisation hota kya hai?

Ek atom ke alag-alag energy/shape wale orbitals (s, p…) aapas me mix hokar barabar energy aur shape wale naye 'hybrid' orbitals banate hain. Jaise carbon ka 1 s + 3 p mil ke 4 barabar sp³ orbitals banate jo 109.5° pe point karte hain. Inse bann ne wale bonds strong aur symmetric hote hain.

Shape hybridisation se decide hota hai ya repulsion se?

Dono jude hue hain. Electron domains (bonds + lone pairs) ek doosre ko repel karte aur farthest-apart baithte hain (VSEPR) — yahi arrangement hybrid orbitals ke direction se match karta hai. Isliye 4 domains → tetrahedral → sp³. Play zone me yahi repulsion live dikhta hai.

s-character bond angle ko kaise affect karti hai?

Jitni zyada s-character, utna bada bond angle. sp (50% s) = 180°, sp² (33% s) = 120°, sp³ (25% s) = 109.5°. s orbital nucleus ke paas aur spherical hota hai, isliye zyada s-character wale hybrid orbitals zyada spread out hote hain (bada angle).

Hybrid orbitals kya hote hain?

Hybrid orbitals ek atom ke s, p (aur kabhi d) orbitals ke mix se bane naye orbitals hain — sab barabar energy aur same shape ke. Types: sp (2 orbitals, linear), sp² (3, trigonal planar), sp³ (4, tetrahedral), sp³d (5, trigonal bipyramidal), sp³d² (6, octahedral), sp³d³ (7, pentagonal bipyramidal).

sp³d, sp³d² aur sp³d³ hybridisation kaunse molecules me hoti hai?

sp³d → PCl₅ (trigonal bipyramidal, 90° aur 120°). sp³d² → SF₆ (octahedral, saare angles 90°). sp³d³ → IF₇ (pentagonal bipyramidal, 72° aur 90°). Ye teeno expanded octet wale examples NEET me repeat hote hain — d orbitals ki wajah se period 3 ke baad hi possible.

Hybridisation aur hybridization me koi difference hai?

Nahi — same concept. 'Hybridisation' British spelling hai (NCERT aur NEET isi ko use karte hain), 'hybridization' American. Dono ka matlab wahi: atomic orbitals ka mix hokar equivalent hybrid orbitals banana.

InorganicMediumNEET: 3–4 Q/year Q3D

Hybridisation — sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d², sp³d³ Shapes & Bond Angles

Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Don't memorise shapes — build them. In the Play zone, electron-domain sticks repel each other and settle farthest apart, so you feel why the geometry is what it is. Then see every hybridisation — sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d² and sp³d³ hybrid orbitals — with their famous molecules and exact bond angles.

Loading lab

Play me −/+ se domains badlo — sticks khud repel hokar farthest-apart baithte. Phir sp / sp² / sp³ tabs me famous example aur bond angle dekho.

How to use this lab

1Upar wali tabs se mode choose karo: Play / sp / sp² / sp³ / sp³d / sp³d² / Lone pair.
2Play mode mein −/+ se electron domains badlo — shape khud farthest-apart settle hota hai.
3Model ko drag karke ghumao; bond angle aur geometry niche padho.

What you're seeing

Hybridisation ratta mat maaro. Play zone me sticks ko ek doosre se repel karke khud dekho kaise farthest-apart baith ke shape banta. Phir sp, sp², sp³ ke famous examples bond angle ke saath.

Key NEET facts

▸The rule: Domains farthest apart — Bonds aur lone pairs ek doosre ko repel karte; minimum repulsion = maximum angle = stable shape. Yahi VSEPR.
▸sp: 180° · linear — 1 s + 1 p → 2 sp. BeCl₂, CO₂, C₂H₂. 50% s-character.
▸sp²: 120° · trigonal planar — 1 s + 2 p → 3 sp². BF₃, C₂H₄. Flat triangle, 33% s-character.
▸sp³: 109.5° · tetrahedral — 1 s + 3 p → 4 sp³. CH₄, NH₄⁺. 3D shape, 25% s-character.
▸sp³d: 90° & 120° · trigonal bipyramidal — 1 s + 3 p + 1 d → 5 sp³d. PCl₅. Axial 90°, equatorial 120° — axial bonds lambe.
▸sp³d²: 90° · octahedral — 1 s + 3 p + 2 d → 6 sp³d². SF₆. Saare 6 bonds barabar, perfect symmetry.
▸sp³d³: 72° & 90° · pentagonal bipyramidal — 1 s + 3 p + 3 d → 7 sp³d³. IF₇. NEET ka rare but asked case.
▸s-character ↑ → angle ↑: sp > sp² > sp³ — Zyada s-character = bada bond angle. 180° > 120° > 109.5°. s orbital spread out karta.

Memory trick

Steric number (bonds + lone pairs) batao, shape mil jaayega: 2 = sp (180°, linear), 3 = sp² (120°, trigonal), 4 = sp³ (109.5°, tetrahedral). Aur yaad rakho — s-character jitni zyada, angle utna bada: sp > sp² > sp³.

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Collision Theory — Why Heating Speeds Up Reactions

Chemical Kinetics

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